Performance Management Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Performance Management Assignment - Essay Example number of studies hve suggested tht, provided the design nd implementtion of PM re pproprite, it hs the potentil to ffect employee ttitudes in wy tht mkes significnt nd positive contribution to compny performnce. Current pper pper provides criticl nlysis of orgniztionl system of performnce mngement bsing on the findings retrieved nd mterils vilble. I first provide theoreticl overview of the term of performnce mngement, then reserch its ppliction to subsidiry compny, finlly comment on chnges of performnce mngement tht re supposedly needed to be implemented into orgniztionl ctivity. The expression "performnce mngement" ppered in the lte 1980s nd cn be regrded s n extension of "performnce pprisl"-- prctice used to evlute n individul employee's pst performnce. Tody, however, performnce pprisl is considered s one of severl key elements of PM, the others being the communiction of compny strtegy through individul objective setting, links to trining nd development plnning, nd possibly compenstion (Brlow, 2001:501). Despite the fct tht much of the reserch hs been performed within the U.S. context, little reserch hs been crried out on PM in interntionl settings nd even less so in MCMC subsidiries operting in diverse cultures. This derth of reserch mens tht we know little bout the effects of PM on job stisfction mong employees in MCMC where the mjority of the work force re of host-country ntionlity, nd where the host-country's culture my differ substntilly from tht of the MCMC's home country. Moreover, our limited knowledge of the impct of PM on job stisfction is indictive of the pucity of reserch concerning the ttitudes of host-country employees nd especilly of nonmngeril employees in MCMC. It is well known tht employees with negtive ttitudes re likely to perform poorly, cuse disruptions in opertions, nd eventully jeoprdize the vibility of the orgniztion. Furthermore, it hs been documented tht job stisfction is relted to turnover. s Mendonc nd Knungo (2004) hve noted, job stisfction nd turnover re incresing chllenges for MCMC operting in developing countries, whose lbor mrket lcks mngeril nd technicl tlent. Vrious spects of PM hve been studied in both the interntionl nd comprtive contexts. For instnce, scholrs hve ddressed such issues s the impct of ntionl culture on mngement by objectives, differences in mngement style nd performnce pprisl in the United Sttes, Indonesi, Thilnd, nd Mlysi (Zhu, Dowling, 1994:2), nd ntionl culture nd its impct on PM/performnce pprisl in Hong Kong, Tiwn, Singpore, Gret Britin, Jpn, Kore, the United Sttes, Mlysi, the Philippines, Indi, nd Chin. The mjority of these studies, especilly the ones with comprtive ttitudinl dt, hve provided evidence tht culturl differences influence elements of PM nd tht the trnsferbility of PM between countries cnnot be ssumed. However, little interntionl nd comprtive reserch hs exmined ctul effects of PM per se on host-country employees. Consequently, while we know tht MCMCs commonly dopt stndrdized PM policies nd prctices t both their home country nd in overses subsidiries, we do not know wht effect such stndrdized PM hs on host-country employees. The effects of PM hve received greter ttention in domestic settings, but even there the reserch is limited. Most studies hve commonly concentrted on

Family and friends everyday lives Essay Example for Free

Family and friends everyday lives Essay Write an essay describing how new media technologies affect you, your family and friends everyday lives. The media world is constantly changing as a result of new developments in technology. Therefore the media industry is dependant upon highly sophisticated technology, which can be used to influence and inform groups of people all around the world. It has been suggested that we live in a world that is media saturated as it dominates our lives. This in effect is true as media is a central part of our lives, it can be used to deliver us news as well as a source of entertainment, and this is why media can be so influential. The internet is one of the most fast developing new media technologies, enabling users to contact people all over the world to shop, chat, play games, download music and information, send e-mails and keep up with current affairs. The Internet was developed in America in the 1960s and was introduced in the 1990s in Britain. Originally this technology was introduced as a way of bringing people all over the world closer together, enabling them to communicate with one another simultaneously, giving its name the medium of the future. It is constantly being developed to suit peoples needs, for example broadband internet offers faster connection and makes downloading easy, effortless and not so time consuming as it used to be. Many radio stations have recognised that people may wish to listen whilst surfing the Net, so have incorporated a live airplay programme on their websites so that it is possible to listen to the radio via a computer rather than the conventional radio device. Many websites also offer a service where downloading music is free, this means that many people can save large amounts of money on buying CDs and can obtain the latest music singles and albums from the comfort of their own home. Home shopping is also increasing due to Internet services allowing consumers to purchase a range of goods via the Internet using their credit/debit cards as a method of payment. The advantage of this is that the busy shopping atmosphere is avoided and time is saved, this is also the case in online banking systems where cardholders can view bank statements, credit details and communicate with their bank via email. The only problem with these systems is that credit card details are given out over the Internet and may be obtained by other companies or Internet users, meaning the risk of credit card fraud is higher. However, a select few internet based companies have introduced a card which can be used like a top-up card bought for mobile telephones, in the sense that a card is issued to the internet shopper so that they are able to go a top-up point and pay for a certain amount of money to be put on their card, which can then be used to purchase goods from the internet. Not only is this a safer option, it is also more convenient for younger customers who are not yet eligible for a credit card. Due to improved media technologies, it is now possible to access the Internet through digital television sets and mobile WAP compatible telephones. This means information, entertainment and news can be displayed without the use of a computer. Revision websites make learning a more interactive experience for students, as well as being a useful alternative to other methods of learning such as flashcards. Students can also test themselves and the website can mark their answers, giving them a score to see how effective the revision has been. Other websites such as lastminute. com allow holidays, rental cars and other goods to be bought at the last minute at a reduced rate. This means considerable savings can be made and purchasing goods or booking holidays is made simple and easy. Another convenience of the Internet is that Chat Rooms allow people to talk to various people all over the world and if desired become involved in group discussions. This can mean young people can meet and talk to people of their own age group and interests and exchange thoughts and ideas. Obviously as you cannot see the person you are communicating with, you cannot be sure that they are telling the truth about their age, gender etc which also means this may cause an increase of illegal groups operating in chat rooms, such as paedophiles who abuse the internet. This may affect many families in different ways for example, if a parent feels that their child may not be safe to talk to people on the Internet they may limit the childs use or filter the system so that they cannot access the chat rooms. If a teenager arranges to meet up with a person that they believe to be of the same age group as themselves, to discover that they are not the person they described themselves to be on the internet, they may face serious problems such as stalking. This can lead to anxiety problems and distrust for some people as well as being a major worry for all parents. Instant messaging services (MSN etc) allow users to be informed when friends or other named people on their contact list are online and lets them automatically begin a conversation without needing to log onto a chat room. Voice conversations can also be made using these facilities. Email enables Internet users to send a succession of letters around the world to various people within seconds, as they are delivered instantly. Not only does this save time and money as the service is free, but it means messages can be sent and received instantly rather than waiting days, or even weeks for a letter to be delivered by post. Many people find this an excellent way of keeping in contact with relatives and friends, particularly those who live a long distance away. The only social problem that has been recognised by researchers is that emailing has begun to discourage people from writing letters, therefore making us more computer literate but less inclined to keep up good standards of writing skills.

Aliens ARE Out There! :: Government Cover-ups Roswell Incident

Aliens ARE Out There!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just about 500 years ago people believed that the earth was still flat, 50 years ago people doubted the existence of an alien life, 5 min ago the people of earth believe that aliens existed. Many individuals around the world have reportedly been contacted by extra terrestrial beings. They allege that Earth is currently being visited by several different species of extra terrestrial. These individuals report that extra terrestrials are visiting the Earth because they are interested in observing the development of the human species. This alone is not the only reason we believe in the existence of Extraterrestrial life and UFOs. Aliens along with UFOs exist because of Government Cover-ups, The Roswell Incident, Extraterrestrial Laws and Government Projects. The United States government is actively involved in secret military projects. For national security reasons the military keeps these projects secret from the public. Some individuals believe that the US government has already discovered extra terrestrial intelligence but chooses to keep it hidden from the public. These individuals believe that the military has recovered extra terrestrial craft and bodies and may be in regular communication with an extra terrestrial intelligence. They believe that the government and the military are going to great lengths to hide extra terrestrial contact from the public. One secret the government covers up is a base known as Area 51, which could contain the truth about aliens. Area 51 is a secret US military installation which lies just outside of Las Vegas, Nevada (USA). Area 51 is one of the most secretive places on earth; so secret that it isn't on any map and the US government denies its' existence. The base has long been reported to house extra terrestrial craft and alien bodies-although no one can confirm these allegations. Many individuals have reportedly seen craft leaving the base at night, which are able to accelerate at amazing speed and make rapid changes in direction-far beyond any terrestrial technology. Area 51 was build in the early 1950's by the CIA to test its top secret U-2 program. The base was built for its great year-round flying conditions, remoteness and flat lake bed on which to make runways. Ever since the U-2 program, Area 51 has been the test area for the latest technological developments in the US military. Allegedly, Area 51 is the testing ground for a new top secret hypersonic stealth aircraft project called Aurora.

Bristol & Treatment Centre in Bristol in February

Moreover, during this course, I have required her to log all her experiences in her diary which she has dutifully done. I see her conversing with patients prior to and following their treatments, inquiring about what their jobs entailed. She has also shown interest in learning about their exercise regimes, particularly those who have undergone hip replacement. I wish to write about her personal characteristics which she has exemplified during this period. I should begin with her exemplary work ethic.I have observed that she has been very thorough and enthusiastic in documenting all the learning she has yielded on her day-to-day interaction with me and the patients. The latter have just been through hip replacement and necessitate therapy. She is eager in engaging in conversation with therapists and patients; familiarizing herself with their roles and responsibilities. Her enthusiasm is what keeps her dedicated to her tasks even amidst difficult circumstances – a trait which I feel is indispensable in being a successful medical practitioner.I have had the opportunity, too, to learn more about her ambitions of becoming a successful oncologist in the future. This ambition is driven by the authentic passion to help others, as she has had the personal experience of nursing someone in her family who has been inflicted with cancer. I believe that this grassroots ambition and personal experience is sufficient to ‘fuel’ her into realizing her dream. In her brief stint with the Centre, I have seen her fortitude in accomplishing what she has set out to achieve.Perhaps, this is further attested to by the fact that she has graduated with a BSc (Hons) Human Biology degree from the University of Bristol. Apart from her strong academic background and good work ethic, I have also felt her ‘vocation’ – her calling – for the medical profession. She has quickly and effectively established rapport with the patients and therapists of th e Center with her easy, friendly manner.In a profession that is sometimes perceived as ‘detached’, it is important for practitioners to develop a personal relationship with their doctors – one that is firmly based on trust and esteem. I feel that _________ easily fits that bill. This trait will also help her blend in well with a multi-disciplinary team, for example, one in which both medical practitioner and medical counselor have critical roles to play. She is a team player and recognizes the power of synergy and collaboration within a medical team.She is also a very good listener and knows how to empathize with patients. I also wish to share her interest in serving marginalized communities, which she has expressed to me as her mentor. This deep sense of altruism is again critical in her desire to become a medical practitioner. She would be willing to go through great lengths just to be able to serve the underprivileged. In pursuit of her dream, she is seeking a learning institution which shares the same goals of altruism especially for marginalized communities; an authentic sense of service; integrity; and competence.She will surely be an asset to the institution who shall accept her as a medical student. I am thus strongly recommending her acceptance to your learning institution which most certainly upholds these values. She is intellectually capable to learn all the competencies of an exemplary medical practitioner, and has the willingness, drive, and heart that go with being one. I am certain that she would prove to be an asset to your program.

Junk Science That is Eugenics Essay

In Dan Agin’s Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hacksters Betray Us, he scoffed at eugenics as one of the â€Å"most disastrous examples of the ignoble application of science†. In the age where scientific breakthroughs and development have been achieved, scientists have devised some ways in which selective breeding are used in plants and animals to improve the chance of survival of their species. Of course, they did not throw away the idea of applying the same process of improving humans and eliminate undesirable characteristics in them. British biologist Francis Galton (1822–1911) coined the word â€Å"eugenics† in 1883, which in Greek literally meant â€Å"good in birth†. Galton believed that marital unions between people of what he regarded as â€Å"excellent genetic stock† could be expected to produce offspring with the same or similar qualities (Last, 2007). However, the eugenics movement was frowned upon by many people because it was used by the Nazi regime in Germany, as it pushed improve to human race by eliminating the people they despised – the Jews. Thus, eugenics and racism are linked by the fact that every person will have their own rights and it is prone to be abused by people who want to dominate the weak. As a cousin of Charles Darwin who introduced to the world the theory of evolution, Galton incorporated the Darwin’s idea of survival of the fittest into his notion of eugenics. The goal of eugenics was the improvement of the human species through the careful selection of parents. Galton identified two primary processes to achieve this end. Positive eugenics encouraged individuals who were above average both mentally and physically to produce more offspring. Negative eugenics proposed that individuals who were below average should have fewer or no children. This second proposal could be achieved through institutional segregation, marriage restrictions, or sterilization (Berson & Cruz, 2001, p. 300). His exact words for these processes were eugenics’ first objective is â€Å"to check the birth-rate of the unfit †¦ the second object is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the fit. † Galton used the word race in its nineteenth-century sense to designate the population of the nation state and not in the broader twentieth-century sense. Galton seems to have believed that the reason why it would be desirable to improve the genetic quality of a nation’s population is that this determines the quality of its civilization and the economic and military strength of the nation. It is clear that eugenics can be used for racism. Since racism is defined as a form of prejudice based on perceived physical differences and usually refers to unfavorable or hostile attitudes toward people perceived to belong to another race, eugenics would definitely fall in this category because racism usually results in a belief in the superiority of one’s own race. The trigger of prejudice and racism is the â€Å"human tendency to form stereotypes, generalized beliefs that associate whole groups of people with particular traits†. Racial stereotypes are described to be â€Å"exaggerated or oversimplified† descriptions of any person’s â€Å"appearance, personality, and behavior† (Cavalli-Sforza, 2005). Actually, Galton and his cohorts were well intentioned and progressive in their idea of suggesting eugenics because they were just concerned with bettering humanity. After all, this was during the Progressive Era, where it was characterized as a time of hope and reform. Gerald Grob (1991) pointed out that eugenics advocates were persuaded that they were acting on behalf of a noble cause that would benefit humanity. They believed that medical and scientific knowledge, combined with a new technology, had reached a point in time in which the eradication of inherited defects was possible. With all that intention, eugenics was welcomed in the United States. As Rosen (2004) writes: Beginning in the early years of the twentieth century and spanning the decades of the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, eugenicists in the United States called for programs to control human reproduction. They urged legislatures to pass laws to segregate the so-called feebleminded into state colonies, where they would live out their lives in celibacy; they supported compulsory state sterilization laws aimed at men and women whose â€Å"germplasm† threatened the eugenic vitality of the nation; they led the drive to restrict immigration from countries whose citizens might pollute the American melting pot. Their science filtered into popular culture through eugenics advice books and child-rearing manuals, eugenics novels, plays, and films, and scores of magazine and newspaper articles (p.6). With the growing presence and perceived virility of African Americans, immigrants in the early 1900s, and the working class—as well as the increasing visibility of working-class â€Å"women adrift, this threatened white middle-class male authority in both power and numbers, proponents of eugenics in the United States targeted a factor in middle-class decline: the limited fecundity of this new woman. As Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed in the 1900s, white middle-class womanhood had willfully abandoned its fertility. The white birthrate was rapidly declining: whereas the average American family of 1840 had produced six children that of 1900 generated only three children. Roosevelt propelled sociologist Edward Ross’s term race suicide into the public arena. In a 1901 address, â€Å"The Causes of Race Superiority,† Ross warned that the advancement and progress of the â€Å"superior race† could lead to its demise; manhood had become overcivilized, decadent, and impotent. But Roosevelt, significantly, placed the blame on white womanhood. Women of â€Å"good stock† who chose not to have children, he declared, were â€Å"race criminals† (Paul 1995, p. 102). Yet, the shocking turnout the eugenics movement was that in 1902, when an Indiana physician named Dr. Harry Sharp urged passage of mandatory sterilization laws that would require all men in prisons, reformatories, and paupers’ houses to be sterilized. Before any such law was passed permitting it, he had involuntarily sterilized more than five hundred men. Following Dr. Sharp’s lead, in 1907 Indiana became the first state to pass a eugenics-based sterilization law. By 1912, eight states had sterilization laws. Eventually nearly thirty states followed suit (Paul 1995, p. 81-82). In the course of the rise and fall of eugenics, we can see that there are obvious problems with it. The first is that there is more at stake in creating a superior human than in creating a superior species of vegetable. Vegetables do not have rights but humans do, and these human rights are possessed by all persons because they are human; human rights do not cease to exist if an individual is â€Å"imperfect† in one or more ways. At its core, eugenics tends to cancel out the right of the less than perfect individual to existence and this type of presumptive arrogance is inherently immoral and racist. A second harmful outcome of eugenics could be that through screening programs privileged groups might act on their prejudices against, for example, Black people being linked with criminality. Since being Black is neither a crime nor a defect, it would be a grave injustice for advocates of eugenics to try to eliminate such classes of people from the human gene pool. Another possible harm of eugenics is that those who promote it do so at the expense of the harmony of the human community. This community, as we know it, is made up of people of all kinds, some more gifted than others, some more troubled than others. The solidarity and prosperity of the human community depend on cooperation and respect among all members, not on a screening policy, like eugenics, through which some members lose their right to membership based on the values and biases of those in influential positions. The biggest problem with eugenics is probably the fact that, even if the program were embraced and employed, it would be impossible to carry it out effectively without trampling on human rights. Thus, eugenics is a certified â€Å"junk science† and a good learning experience that science cannot be used to improve humans. References Agin, D. (2006). Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hacksters Betray UsI, New York: St. Martin’s Press. Berson, M. J. , and Cruz, B. (2001). Eugenics Past and Present. Social Education 655, p.300. Grob, G. (1991). Introduction, in The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States, ed. Phillip R. Reilly, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Last, J. M. (2007). Eugenics. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paul, D. B. (1995). Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present. Atlantic Highlands, N. J. : Humanities Press. Rosen, C. (2004). Preaching Eugenics Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Life in America in the 1800s essays

Life in America in the 1800's essays In America, the country was beginning to grow. People came from all sides. Ships came from Sweden, England, and other countries. People already there, slowly began to travel west. Some traveled by wagon, some boarded steamboats, some traveled by foot, and if there were railroads where they were going, they sometimes took a train. And when they got there, no houses were sitting already made, waiting for them to buy. They had to build them. Some made their houses out of sod, and some cut down trees and built houses. And those who choose to live in the woods usually had to clear a space. Some big stumps took a day or more to root up. In the spring the settlers would plant there crops and tap maple trees. When the settlers planted corn, they put six corn kernels in each hole, because they knew some would not sprout. After the tapped the maple trees, they would boil it down into syrup. Sometimes they would take spoonfuls of hot syrup and drop it onto the snow, and it hardened into candy. In the summer settlers tended their crops, and watched their livestock grow. Families couldnt spare much time away from the fields, so picnics and/or barn raisings were a rare treat. Near the end of the summer, they would harvest hay. The whole family bring in the hay would feed their livestock till summer came again. Harvesting hay was done in the hottest weather so the hay was dry for storing. During the fall, Crops were harvested. Apples and beechnuts were also harvested. When the apples were harvested, women carefully packed and stored the best apples to eat in the winter. The rest were made into cider, vinegar, applesauce or apple butter. Or they were cut into apple rings and dried. The settlers also butchered hogs and/or a head or two of cattle. They cleaned out the carcasses, then salted or smoked the meat to preserve it. As the year rolled on into winter, the settlers were able to ...

Assignment Details essay

Assignment Details essay Assignment Details essay Assignment Details essayIn the second half of this course we have explored the idea that television and new media do more than simply represent social reality; their capacity to create an aesthetic sense of â€Å"liveness,† intimacy, and/or immediacy also allows them to play a key role in constructing social reality as we know it, and shaping the norms of behavior, identity, and citizenship that define it from one culture to the next. Your task in this assignment is to write a short paper analyzing how one television show or online video can be said to perform this function- representing â€Å"reality† in a way that not only naturalizes a particular set of ideological values and beliefs, but also â€Å"governs at a distance† by creating collective social relationships and/or teaching viewers how to identify, behave, and relate to one another as fellow citizens.Further Assignment Details: All papers should respond to one of the three essay prompts below in order t o complete this analysis. However, the goal of this assignment is to further develop your skills of close formal analysis and give you practice connecting this type of analysis to the presentation of a well-formulated argument concerning concepts and ideas explored in class. Therefore, regardless of which prompt you choose, the basic requirements of the assignment will remain the same:Ÿ Essays should consist of 1500-2000 words (6-8 pages, double-spaced, with standard margins, not including footnotes and/or bibliography).Ÿ Essays should present an original thesissupported by evidence, includingdetailed formal analysis of examples and thorough explanations of relevant concepts, quotations, and ideas from readings. Your thesis should not simply repeat an argument suggested in class or readings; it should be your own idea and interpretation.Ÿ Essays should engage with at least two scholarly sources- one from assigned readings and one from an unassigned text- in a substantive wa y. They should cite these sources properly and consistently, using either MLA or Chicago style as outlined in the Hacker Somers Pocket Style Manual.Ÿ Essays should explicitly demonstrate a clear understanding of all relevant conceptual terms and stylistic conventions, defining key ideas such as â€Å"disciplinary power,† â€Å"performativity,† â€Å"liveness,† â€Å"naturalism,† and any other relevant terms by referring to readings and/or examples as needed.Ÿ Essays should be clearly written using correct grammar and spelling. Arguments should be well-organized and develop in a logical progression of ideas; style and quality count.Essay Prompts: Choose one of the following three options and respond according to the criteria laid out above.Benedict Anderson has argued that â€Å"communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.† We read about and discussed the idea that â€Å" live† media events and more contemporary â€Å"social media† platforms help construct an experience of urban, national and/or global social existence as an â€Å"imagined community.† Write an essay that meets the guidelines laid out above and explains how one particular media event or social media platform (such as the Super Bowl, the Olympics, FourSquare, Instagram, Twitter, or any other type discussed by Friedman, Doane, or Sturken) can be said to construct a particular sense of national, global, or civic social identity, informed by a specific â€Å"style† of â€Å"imagined community† that is predicated on a set of cultural and/or ideological values.Note: In order to answer this question thoroughly, you will need to do a close formal analysis of a specific scene or scenes from an actual media event, such as the half-time show of the Super Bowl or the Opening Ceremony of the Olympics, or a specific use of a social media interface. In particular, y ou will need to describe how the visual style of the broadcast or the interface uses aesthetic conventions of realism, naturalism, and/or TV liveness, etc. to create an experience of social unity. So make sure you can find video of the event or use the platform you have in mind online and watch it repeatedly. You will also need to demonstrate a basic grasp of Anderson’s concept of the â€Å"imagined community,† so you will want to read a chapter from his book on the subject. To this end, I have posted a selection from the book online under Optional Readings.Over the last few weeks we have explored the argument that reality TV programs can be understood as a â€Å"technology of governance† that shapes social norms of identity, behavior, and good citizenship in liberal democratic societies. Along the way, we explored a number of different concepts that help to explain this process- including â€Å"disciplinary power,† â€Å"governmentality,† â€Å"p erformativity,† and â€Å"environmentality,† to name a few. Write an essay that meets the requirements laid out above and explains how one particular example of â€Å"reality TV† or a specific â€Å"social media† platform (such as a YouTube) can be said to function along these lines, focusing on one of the concepts listed above to explain how and why. Once again, keep in mind that much of your evidence will come from a close formal analysis of the stylistic features that allow one particular text to function in this way (for instance, conventions of naturalism, intimacy, etc) and the particular ideological values it instills as norms in the process, so make sure you can look at your example repeatedly and discuss these aspects of it.

Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807

Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807 The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to prohibit  American ships from trading in foreign ports. It was intended to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. The embargo was precipitated  primarily by Napoleon Bonapartes 1806 Berlin Decree, which announced that neutral ships carrying British-made goods were subject to seizure by France, thus exposing American ships to attacks by privateers. Then, a year later, sailors from the USS Chesapeake were forced into service  by officers from the British ship HMS Leopard. That was the final straw. Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807 and Jefferson signed it into law on December 22, 1807. The president hoped that the act would prevent a war between the United States and Britain. At the same time, Jefferson saw it as a way to keep ships as military resources out of harms way, buy time for the preservation, and signify (after the Chesapeake event) that the U.S. recognized that a war was in the future. Jefferson also saw it as a way to cease non-productive war-profiteering which was undermining the coveted but never achieved goal of American autarky- economic independence from Britain and other economies. Perhaps inevitably, the Embargo Act was also a precursor to the War of 1812. Effects  of the Embargo Economically, the embargo devastated American shipping exports and cost the American economy about 8 percent in decreased gross national product in 1807. With the embargo in place, American exports declined by 75%, and imports declined by 50%- the act did not completely eliminate trade and domestic partners. Before the embargo, exports to the United States reached $108 million. One year later, they were just over $22 million. Yet Britain and France, locked in the Napoleonic Wars, were not greatly damaged by the loss of trade with Americans. So the embargo intended to punish Europes greatest powers instead negatively impacted ordinary Americans. Although the western states in the Union were relatively unaffected, as they had at that point little to trade, other parts of the country were hit hard. Cotton growers in the South lost their British market entirely. Merchants in New England were the hardest hit. In fact, discontent was so widespread there that there was serious talk by local political leaders of seceding from the Union, decades before the  Nullification Crisis  or the  Civil War. Jeffersons Presidency Another result of the embargo was that smuggling increased across the border with Canada, and smuggling by ship also became prevalent. So the law was both ineffective and difficult to enforce. Many of those weaknesses were addressed by a number of amendments and new acts written by Jeffersons Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1769–1849), passed by Congress, and signed into law by the president: but the president himself essentially ceased active support on his own after signaling his decision to not seek a third term in office in December 1807. Not only would the embargo taint Jeffersons presidency, making him fairly unpopular by its end, but the economic effects also didnt fully reverse themselves until the end of the War of 1812. End of the Embargo The embargo was repealed by Congress early in 1809, just days before the end of Jeffersons presidency. It was replaced by a less restrictive piece of legislation, the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade with Britain and France. The newer law was no more successful than the Embargo Act had been, and relations with Britain continued to fray until, three years later, President James Madison obtained a declaration of war from Congress and the War of 1812 began. Sources and Further Reading Frankel, Jeffrey A. The 1807–1809 Embargo against Great Britain. The Journal of Economic History 42.2 (1982): 291–308.Irwin, Douglas A. The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09. Review of International Economics 13.4 (2005): 631–45.Mannix, Richard. Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808. Diplomatic History 3.2 (1979): 151–72.Spivak, Burton. Jeffersons English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979.

Posthuman Figures Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Posthuman Figures - Movie Review Example 2). Posthumanism views the human body as a prosthesis that humans learn to manipulate and replaces it with other prostheses, which is a continuation of a process. Likewise, the posthuman view looks at the human body as something that can be seamlessly articulated with intelligent machines through configuration (Hayles, 1999, p. 3). In the posthuman, absolute demarcation or even essential differences do not exist between bodily existence and computer simulation. The analysis of possessive individualism by C. B. Macpherson is significant of underlying assumption about subjectivity signaled by the posthuman. This analysis posits that the posthuman possessive quality is found in how it conceives the individual as the essential proprietor of his own person or capacities, in which he owes nothing to society. There are convenient points of departure for measuring the distance between the human and the posthuman, exemplified by this notion of "owing nothing to society" (Hayles, 1999). Hobbes and Locke have initially claimed that humans in a 'state of nature' owe nothing to society before the emergence of market relations. It is argued that a foundation upon which those market relations can be built, such as selling one's labour for wages, since ownership of oneself is viewed to predate market relations (Hayles, 1999). Posthumanism and Cultural Identity One of the most frequent criticisms made of cybernetics is that apart from being a new science it is merely an extended analogy between men and machines. It was argued by Michael Foucault that man is a historical construction whose era is about to end (Hollinger and Gordon, 2002). Posthuman has then become a subject in cultural studies and the discourse about the body signals the emergence of the posthuman subject. There is the recognition of masculinist cyberpunk narratives of the possibilities of the elimination of the boundaries between human and machine. However, dualistic gender identity in the interactions between material bodies and technological devices has failed to dislodge (Hollinger and Gordon, 2002, p. 77). It may be furthered that a denaturalisation of the relationship between the body and cultural identity is facilitated by the multiple entanglements of the body with technology. This in turn is said to destabilise the structure and modes of reproduction of Western iden tity, alongside nature of culture (ibid). It is however noteworthy to mention that pertaining to cultural identity, the posthuman view supports the perspective that the wired body is perfect because the technoid life enables the human being to crack out from the dead shell of human culture (Hollinger and Gordon, 2002). The formulation of the technoid life form through the cyborg undermines the knowledge that the human body has a productive and inscriptive capacity of its own, functioning through historical, social, and cultural practices. Culturally constituted bodies do not only experience and live, but are also gendered bodies that define their environments as much as they are defined by them. Information is the defining environment for the contemporary technological body. Thus, the posthuman context must inevitably address the complex and shifting relationship

Examination of people's want Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Examination of people's want - Essay Example Furthermore, those who constantly seek for more evidences about the inception of the universe are considered to have acted with great ingenuity based on the perspective of science. It is therefore important to understand that people have different beliefs, principles, ideology and philosophy in life. It is in this reason that their wants substantially vary from time to time and in every circumstance they are faced with. This essay finds the answer to what the characters discussed in class really want. Furthermore, the proponent tries to analyse how their goals or aims or motivations are related with each other. Kids + money This film â€Å"Kids + money† is produced by Lauren Greenfield which portrays the different wants of young adults that are especially in line or related with money. Kids have various wants in life for the purpose of creating their own fashion statement, to be accepted in a group or to be recognized in their own unique identity. Their substantial want to hav e money is important for them because it is tantamount to achieving material things they desire. In other words, money is very important for them because it is integrated with their social status in the society. Like these kids, some characters discussed in class want material things in today’s contemporary society. ... Cheng Cheng, one of the candidates for Class Monitor pointed out that his opponent was a dictator, which was the concept that his parents wanted him to be aware about. He defined what a dictator is by showing some simple illustrations against his rival Lou Lei. Lou Lei on the other hand, with the help of his father of course, was already exposed to the concept of bribery which was shown in the film as somehow effective in influencing his classmates including the part of gaining their votes. Eventually, Lou Lei won. However, such event has significantly shown how authority or power has been in a great deal was earned. There was involvement of time, effort and strategic thinking among the participants and their parents, which have shown the importance and value of power and authority. Just like the characters in this film, some of those discussed in class have the same want for power and authority too. Buddha and Moses â€Å"But they are fiendishly fascinating too, for they carry keys that open the whole realm of the desired and feared adventure of the discovery of the self† (Campbell 5). Campbell pointed out that soon after the man began to integrate psychological powers into his mind, this could create dangerous messengers that could make or break his entire being and his family. There is a matter of discovery in here. People are looking forward to know the truth. For instance, they want to know what the truth behind their existence. The very evidence in this case is the presence of science and religion. These two have become uneasy companion because they all are motivated by the same quest, and that is to search for the truth and survival. Among the legendary names in history that are

As far as the critical analysis, I want you to choose an article that Assignment

As far as the critical analysis, I want you to choose an article that addresses issues families or individuals in rural communities face in regards to healthcare - Assignment Example One thinks that the author used appropriate sources of information. The policies and programs of the government mentioned in the article are relevant in the topic being discussed. The government programs that are cited give value to the ideas communicated by the author. The arguments presented are adequately supported by studies and literatures in the field of interest. Table 1 which outlined the reasons for choosing rural nursing practice and Table 2 which showed the challenges associated with rural nursing practice were helpful in driving the message that the author wishes to convey. It gives a clear picture of the state of nurses in rural communities. I find the article very meaningful because it gives me a clearer understanding about the difficulties faced by rural nurses as opposed those working in the urban areas. It made me sympathize with them regarding the challenges that they face, yet still choosing to have a career in rural areas, when they in fact have a choice. I also feel that the government must do their part in supporting these rural practitioners. Although private institutions can help through educational support for nurses, I believe that a greater part of the funding should come from the government. Rural nurses contribute a lot to the healthcare services of rural areas, especially in the absence of physicians. If the government cannot support them, the rural areas will not have access to quality healthcare service. Government should think of incentives for rural nurses so that our country can expect an increase in their number. Government should coordinate with the regional medical directors and the rural nurses themselves and conduct a needs assessment in rural areas to determine the training and professional skills needed by the nurses serving in the remote areas. Medical educational institutions must also be supportive in this area. This article has enlightened me

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment Assignment

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment - discounted cash flow techniques - Financing Decisions - - Assignment Example Accounting earnings are obtained from the income statements prepared in accordance with the applicable accounting standards and frameworks, whereas cash flows are determined as the cash inflows and outflows generated from a certain project. There are some major factors, which constitute the differences between the accounting earnings and cash flows, such as: 1. Operating and Capital Expenditures Operating expenditures are considered as those expenses, which are directly linked with the revenues such as direct material, direct labor, overheads etc. Conversely, capital expenditures are those expenditures, which are incurred by the firm in order to develop the business infrastructure, e.g. purchasing a building, land, equipment etc. Under accounting earnings, operating expenditures are included in arriving at the final net income figure. However, capital expenditures are spread over the useful lives of those assets and then systematically depreciated. Under cash flow estimations, both o perating and capital expenditures are included in order to analyze the overall viability of the project. In short, the mainstream difference between the accounting earnings and cash flows is the exclusion of capital expenditures from the accounting earnings but its inclusion in cash flows. 2. ... However, due to low taxable income, the amount of tax is reduced substantially, which is in fact cash based expenditure. Under cash flow approach, depreciation, amortization and other non-cash expenses are not included, but the tax savings due to such non-cash expenses are included which lead to better cash flows. In short, non-cash expenses in deriving accounting earnings but they are excluded in cash flow approach. However, tax benefits are included as cash inflow in cash flow based approach. 3. Accrual versus Cash conventions Accounting earnings are purely established because of the relevant accounting standards and frameworks, such as GAAP and IFRS. These standards require the firms to draft their financial statements by utilizing accrual basis of accounting. Accrual basis of accounting states that, expenditure should be recognized in the financial statements in the period in which it is incurred, not in the period in which it is paid. Similarly, revenue is recognized in the fina ncial statements in the period in which it is earned, not in the period in which it is received. On the other hand, cash flow approach works on the principle of cash inflows and outflows in the periods in which they are received and paid. Therefore, the major difference between accounting earnings and cash flows is the accrual versus cash based conventions, which lead to material differences between the amounts of returns obtained under both approaches. B. INCREMENTAL VERSUS TOTAL CASH FLOWS In order to analyze the return on investment, another important way to analyze is to look whether the whole firm is benefitted from that piece of investment or not. Obviously, a firm is benefitted from the cash

Show the microeconomic principles involved in Ford Motor Companies Term Paper

Show the microeconomic principles involved in Ford Motor Companies recovery in the auto market compared to other American automa - Term Paper Example In addition, the microeconomic principle of competition has separately been taken into consideration as it would significantly help in identifying the recovery of the company in comparison to other American automakers. Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company (Ford) is one of the leading auto makers in the global automotive industry. The company operates firmly in two sectors i.e. the automotive industry and the financial services. The company is known to manufacture and distribute the vehicles across six continents. During the year 2012, the company sold approximately 5,668,000 cars in the automotive segment (The New York Times, 2013). As a result, the company was provided with an opportunity to earn $126,567 mn in revenues. The two most prominent brands that the company has to offers include Ford and Lincoln. In addition, the F-series trucks have also played an essential in the growth and success of the company in the local and international world (Ford, 2012). The mission statement o f the company clearly states that Ford aims to provide the customers with quality cars across the continents. This has significantly helped the organization in providing satisfaction beyond the imagination of the customers. To provide the customers with best quality cars, the company maintains mutual relationship with the essential dealers, suppliers and other business associates (The New York Times, 2013). Microeconomic Principles Needs and Wants Ford is one of the leading vehicle manufacturing organizations that focus highly on meeting the needs and wants of the customers. To effectively do so, the company design, build and sells cars along with utilities and trucks to provide the global customer base with vehicles that could satisfy the needs of the customers. Customers are the most crucial factors for the survival and growth of the organization across the globe due to which the needs and wants are taken into consideration in all the products and services offered by the company. Moreover, the company has always focused on meeting the needs of the customers by designing vehicles that cover the full spectrum of global automobile requirement. This significantly helps in attracting the customers towards the brands that Ford has to offer. As a result, the company is constantly provided with an opportunity to meet the needs and wants of the customers through variety of cars, utilities and trucks in the domestic, national and international market (Ford, 2012). Profits Profit is the foremost consideration of Ford. In earlier years of financial and economic crisis in United States, the company’s profit level declined significantly. With the passage of time, the company was consistently provided with opportunities to enhance the level of profits by attracting and selling the customers with quality cars, utilities and trucks (Ford, 2012). The company aims to enhance the performance of the company across the globe which will provide the company with significant opportunities to enhance its profit levels. Due to the constantly rising demands of the cars, utilities and trucks in the local and international market, the company reported significant increase in the level of profits. In the year 2010, the company reported net income of $6.6 billion in comparison of $2.7 billion in the year 2009 (Esch, 2011). The method of intra-platform price discrimination is one of the prominent methods used by Ford to optimize the profits of the company. The company is continually providing the customers with fuel efficient cars to enhance the financial strength of the company. This has significantly allowed the organization to attract the customers in the market which will

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment Assignment

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment - discounted cash flow techniques - Financing Decisions - - Assignment Example Accounting earnings are obtained from the income statements prepared in accordance with the applicable accounting standards and frameworks, whereas cash flows are determined as the cash inflows and outflows generated from a certain project. There are some major factors, which constitute the differences between the accounting earnings and cash flows, such as: 1. Operating and Capital Expenditures Operating expenditures are considered as those expenses, which are directly linked with the revenues such as direct material, direct labor, overheads etc. Conversely, capital expenditures are those expenditures, which are incurred by the firm in order to develop the business infrastructure, e.g. purchasing a building, land, equipment etc. Under accounting earnings, operating expenditures are included in arriving at the final net income figure. However, capital expenditures are spread over the useful lives of those assets and then systematically depreciated. Under cash flow estimations, both o perating and capital expenditures are included in order to analyze the overall viability of the project. In short, the mainstream difference between the accounting earnings and cash flows is the exclusion of capital expenditures from the accounting earnings but its inclusion in cash flows. 2. ... However, due to low taxable income, the amount of tax is reduced substantially, which is in fact cash based expenditure. Under cash flow approach, depreciation, amortization and other non-cash expenses are not included, but the tax savings due to such non-cash expenses are included which lead to better cash flows. In short, non-cash expenses in deriving accounting earnings but they are excluded in cash flow approach. However, tax benefits are included as cash inflow in cash flow based approach. 3. Accrual versus Cash conventions Accounting earnings are purely established because of the relevant accounting standards and frameworks, such as GAAP and IFRS. These standards require the firms to draft their financial statements by utilizing accrual basis of accounting. Accrual basis of accounting states that, expenditure should be recognized in the financial statements in the period in which it is incurred, not in the period in which it is paid. Similarly, revenue is recognized in the fina ncial statements in the period in which it is earned, not in the period in which it is received. On the other hand, cash flow approach works on the principle of cash inflows and outflows in the periods in which they are received and paid. Therefore, the major difference between accounting earnings and cash flows is the accrual versus cash based conventions, which lead to material differences between the amounts of returns obtained under both approaches. B. INCREMENTAL VERSUS TOTAL CASH FLOWS In order to analyze the return on investment, another important way to analyze is to look whether the whole firm is benefitted from that piece of investment or not. Obviously, a firm is benefitted from the cash

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud - Essay Example The most interesting aspect of the theory however is that it can be applied to various concepts to give convincing explanations for phenomena, thus this paper aims at applying the theory to the fashion industry to draw various patterns to understand the human psyche in regard to the industry. To comment on the various aspects of the theory to relate them with fashion, it is important to highlight the dominant propositions of the theory. Psychoanalysis is the theory put forth by Sigmund Freud to explain the personality formation and conceptualization of the human psyche in context to their identity development as a process carved out through enculturation and socialization in the world they live in (Freud 1923). To make sense of the proposition, Freud talks about the unconscious mind, mental drives and the emerging conflict giving rise to various emotions and personality developments (Freud 1920). Since fashion is also an entity revolving around the social sphere rather being shaped by the social variables, it can also be understood in terms of shaping human identity by affecting the mind and conscious. Fashion affects the human body and mind as it relates to various social constructs manifested amongst the masses by using various tools and techniques, which will be elabo rated on in this essay. Fashion manifests the internal desires of humans, as the libido is now centered at the body of an individual, where the social constructs and the ego impulses inflict the gratification with various objects1. Freud is quoted to have said "The ego is not master in its own house." (Farquhar & Askay p 131) Freud is of the view that the unconscious mind contains the repressed pleasure seeking desires of an individual which have been subdued by the ego and the superego drives, or by the fear of castration (Freud 1923). Also, in relation to this context, it is important to discuss the libido drives which are

Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequality Essay Gender inqualities often stem from social structures that have instiutionalized conceptions of gender differences. Gender inequality has been around for centuries. In many family homes, their lives evolve around gender roles. The responibilties in the family are allocated to their sex (gender). There are certain tasks which are usually allocated to males and females. Some see this division as biologolical differences between the sexes and others see it happening in cultural backgrounds. There are sociological theories that have tended to see gender roles as natural and inevitable. Talcott Parsons, suggested that within the modern nuclear family it was essential that one parent, (the father) performed the instrumental role of the leader and provider whilst the mother performed the expressive role of giving psychological support and taking responsibilty for socialising children. This made sense because women give birth to and nurse their children. It’s a typical sterotype, that is engrained in both men and women. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behaviour assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is more married women that work outside of the home and some men spend more time at home with their families. Martial roles have become increasingly similar. Historians of the family have made it show how gender roles in the family are socially constructed. The roles pllayed by men and women in any history poont may seem natural and inevitable. When you look back to the past, you see how much its changed according to the reguirements of society and the needs of families at particular times. During the latter of the 20th century the views began to change but still stained ideologies from the past they still exist ath the brink of the 21st century. 82% of women (wives and girlfriends) still do the housework according to a new study in Britain, but when it comes to housework, we are back in the 50s. For the females of today we can pretty much do anything we like, join the army, be a prime misiter, run a company or be a stay at home mum. As the new century, today, we see a greatly altered family landscape in which dual-income and single parents families outnumber the ascendant two-parent, one-earner in the household. There is more single parent families nowadays. So they would be taking on the roles as the breadwinner and home maker. But its not just women doing this, there is a lot of men as single parents and broken families that have to take on these roles. So a lot has changed over the years. And there is more and more working parents. Gender role and inquality is not just geared towards women but also men. As much as women face inqualities, ther are many aspects about the world that’s is unfair towards men. The question remains, â€Å"will men and women ever be found equal? † My answer, no. Men and women are simply too different to be considered be treated the same. Yes, I do believe that men and women should be paid the same, and given equal and all opportunity, but as far as the biological sense goes men and women have two completely different biological makeup. It is scientifically true that women are more nurturing whereas men are found to be much more competitive and aggressive. That is not to say that those traits can not be mixed upon the two genders, but there is still too much that keeps gender separate. In some culturals, gender inequality will never change for most. The women are to stay at home, raise the family and do the household chores. In some of theses culturals domestic violence accurs and the women keep quiet about it because they cant leave because its discrimmination to their society and most culutrals don’t allow women to get a divorce. Many developing countries including India have displayed gender inequalit in education, employment and health. It is common to find girls and women suffering from high mortality rates. India has witnessed gender inquality from its early history due to its socio-ecnomic and religious practices that resulted in a wide gap between the position of men and women in the society. Gender inquality has an adverse impact on development goals and reduces ecnomic groth. It hampers the overall well being, because blocking women from participation in social polical and ecnomic activties can adversely affect th whole society. Discrimination also plays out with networking and in preferential treatment within the economic market. Men typically occupy positions of power within the job economy. Due to taste or preference for other men because they share similar characteristics, men in these positions of power are more likely to hire or promote other men, thus discriminating against women. Discrimination against men in the workplace is rarer but does occur, particularly in health care professions. Only an estimated 0. 4% of midwives in the UK are male and according to cbs only 1% of all trainee nurses and only 2% of Secretaries are male. Women have increasingly been finding their place in a male driven environment whether it be in the office, politics, or in the cut throat world business and CEO’s, women have become more and more powerful in a man’s world. Needless to say, women have not reached the level of power that a man would have, but seeing as where woman stood forty years ago it is a step in the right direction. Over the years, gender role has clearly played a big part in the way that women are treated, whether it be being confined to the kitchen, or rendered to emotional to run for office, it seems as though society has built two completely different species of human to live amongst each other. It may sound drastic, but if men and women were to be more similar, there would be more chance for equal treatment. As unfortunate as it is, it seems as though society is at a stand still on where to go with gender inequality, and if there is no way to convince an entire generation to change they way they treat each other, then it might as well stay that way. Unfortunately society is way too stubborn to be able to change its ways about said subject. All that being said, we have come a great deal over the years, and maybe one day we can point that everyone can agree on.

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India Abstract: Currency Future is a future contract in which specified currency can be bought or sell at pre determined price and date. In developed nations like US and UK the currency price increment impact on physical trading volume, it decrease it on currency price increment and increase it on currency price decrement. Like this, same thing happened in developing nations. In India the base metals prices so much impacted due to currency future price volatility. In India, the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. The objective of this paper is to measure the correlation of base metals with currency future trading i.e. US $. This research paper is an attempt to consider the investor behaviour regarding currency future trading in India. Some factors which have been considered for research are currency future, base metals and price movement in upward or i n downward side. The results are analyzed with the help of statistical tools and techniques. Introduction Currency Futures means a standardised foreign exchange derivatives contract traded on a recognised stock exchange to buy or sell one currency against another on a specified future date, at a price specified on the date of contract, but does not include a forward contract. Currency derivatives can be described as contracts between sellers and buyers whose values are derived from the underlying which in this case is the exchange rate. Currency Derivatives are mostly designed for hedging purposes, although they are also used as instruments for speculation. Currency Derivatives i.e. Currency Future are standardised in terms of contract sizes, trading parameters settlement procedures and traded on regulated exchange. The contract size is fixed and is referred to as lot size. Future contract are traded through exchanges, the settlement of the contract is guaranteed by the exchange or clearing corporation and hence there is no counter party risk. In INDIA the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. Currency Future trading play a vital role in developed nations and developing nations. It makes the so much volatility in metal prices in terms of online trading as well as in physical trading. After the starting of currency future trading in India the volatility increase in the MCX non precious metal. The total number of contract traded before starting of currency future trading in non precious metal are 84186 (lots) and after the starting of currency future trading 69358 (lots). It shows that there is lot of volatility in the metal market sometime it increases the volume or sometime it decrease the volume. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) is a state of the art electronic commodity future exchange. The head quartered of MCX in Mumbai. The demutualised exchange set up by Financial Technologies (India) Ltd (FTIL) has permanent recognition from the Government of India to facilitate online trading and clearing and settlement operations for commodity futures across the country. The operations started in Nov 2003. MCX offers more than 40 commodities across various segments such as bullion, ferrous and non ferrous metals and a number of agro-commodities on its platform. The exchange is the worlds largest exchange in Silver, the second largest in Gold and Copper. MCX has been certified to three ISO standards including ISO 9001- 2000 Quality Management System standard, ISO 14001: 2004 Environmental Management System standard and ISO 27001:2005 Information Security Management System standard. Literature Review Since the beginning of trading in financial futures and options in the 1970s, the effect of financial derivatives trading on the underlying spot markets has been of great interest to both academics and practitioners. One of the issues commonly investigated by finance researchers is whether futures trading increases the price volatility of underlying markets and thus leads to destabilisation of these markets. Previous studies provide mixed evidence on this issue. To investigating the market behaviours (such as currency price volatility, metal market depth and trading volume) is an important aspect of research on the market microstructure literature. Tauchen and Pitts (1983)1 argue that these three variables are closely related. However, most studies deal with mutual contemporaneous relationship between two of those three dimensions and reach no consistent results. Very few empirical papers investigate the dynamic nature of the interactions, such as the feedback effects between those three variables. The relationship between currency future and trading volume has been examined frequently and usually is in a positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Copeland (1976)2, develop sequential arrival of information models where new information flows into market to generate both trading volume and price movement. Karpoff (1987)3, reviews empirical and theoretical research on the relation between price changes and trading volume in financial markets. Eighteen of nineteen empirical papers support the positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Bessembinder and Segun (1993)4 accommodate persistence in the positive relationship on eight futures market by ARCH-GARCH empirical method. In those studies above, it is consistently positive contemporaneous relation between return volatility and trading volume but lacks consistent in the relation between return volatility and market depth or between market depth and trading volume. Furthermore, there are few studies for the analysis of return volatility and trading volume incorporating with the market depth, which is proven to be fundamentally related to trading activity and market behaviour of return volatility (Bessembinder and Seguin, 1992)5. As suggested by Malliaris (1997)6, the origin of futures markets is related to the necessity to manage the risk associated with volatile spot price changes of certain assets. It can also be claimed that futures contracts became more popular since the economic deregulation in 1970s, which resulted in increased volatility in foreign currencies, debt instruments and stock indexes. Market observers and regulators have generally acknowledged the crucial role that futures markets have in risk transfer and price discovery, but they have often expressed concern over the potential role that futures activity may have in destabilizing the markets. Antoniou and Holmes (1995)7 examined the impact of trading in the FTSE-100 index futures on the spot price volatility and concluded that futures trading improves the quality and speed of information flowing to spot markets. Their evidence suggests that there has been an increase in spot price daily volatility, but that this due to increased information in the market and not to speculators having adverse destabilizing effect. Some studies provide empirical results that support the opinion that trading in futures can destabilize the spot market. For example, Figlewiski (1980)8 investigates the futures contracts for Treasury Bills (GNMA pass through certificates) and provides evidence that futures market activity increases the volatility of cash prices. More recent study by Bae, Kwon and Park (2004)9 focuses on the effect of the introduction of index futures trading in the Korean markets on spot price volatility. The authors concluded that introducing the futures and options trading on the Korean stock exchange resulted in both larger spot price volatility and greater market efficiency (allowing for quicker adjustment of market prices to information). The combined average daily turnover of the currency futures contracts in all the three exchanges (NSE, BSE, MCX) increased from USD 1.1 billion in March 2009 to 2.5 billion in September 2009 – which means a growth of more than 125% in just six months period. Objectives of Research Paper To know the impact of Currency Future US$ on base metal with reference to India. Hypothesis of Research Paper Null Hypothesis: There is positive impact of currency future US$ on base metals, if US$ increases than the price of base metals increases and vice versa. Data Analysis The impact of currency future i.e. US$ on base metals is totally depend on the day to day trading prices of currency as well as metals. To find out the impact of currency on base metals we need the daily transaction prices, for this we collect it from secondary resources. To find out the correlation of currency future and base metals I summarise the data in average form. I collected per day USD INR pricing data for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. For the base metals, I selected five metals (viz. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc) collected their pricing data for each day for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. Here we can see in the table no. 2 there is correlation coefficient between currency future and base metals. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc are inversely correlated to currency future. There is impact on the Aluminium -0.787, the copper -0.267, lead -0.770, nickel -0.897 and zinc -0.850. When the currency future prices raise the base metals prices decrease and sometimes the base metals prices increase. It shows that the currency future and base metals are inversely correlated. Conclusion The data analysis of the currency future and the base metals shows that there is a correlation between them. When there is volatility in the currency future and base metals it impacts the relation between them. Sometimes it makes the positive relation between currency future and base metals and sometimes it makes the negative relation between them. Due to this the economic condition of India is so much impacted. When the prices volatility increases in base metals it creates the problem in physical metals trading that impact directly or indirectly to the economic condition of our nation. The data analysis represents the inverse linear relationship between currency future and base metals. Scope of research There is so much scope of this research because it is a new concept in India. Before two years ago the currency future trading was started in India. The currency future trading is a concept which is not very common. People are not so much aware about it. This paper is related with base metals only but further the whole metal market is influenced by it.

What it Means to be a Boxer Essay -- Boxing Sport

Boxing is a combat oriented sport developed by the ancient Greeks in which two opponents fight each other with their fists. It was first introduced into the Olympics in 688 B.C but the sport was discontinued after the fall of the Roman Empire. It later resurfaced in the early 18th century in England by the name of "bare-knuckle fighting", the "boxing gloves", as we know them, did not come until much later. The Marquess of Queensbury rules, developed in 1867, are the general rules that modern boxing is based around today all around the world. Today, boxing is among the toughest sports in the world and requires a rigorous amount of training and exercise. It requires a unique mindset to which one must have the killer instinct to never give up and to attack at the opponent's weaknesses without mercy. Some consider boxing to be a reckless sport in which two unintelligent beings indulge to punching each other until one of them is knocked out. Others consider it poetry in motion. People say that sports are meant to enhance the body, whereas in boxing it would seem that the objective is ...

Pope John Paul Xiii Impact on Christianity Essay

Pope John XXIII played a vital role in shaping Christianity as we know it today. He contributed socially, politically and liturgically and was a major influence in the establishment of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue between other churches and religions. He advocated Christian unity, social justice, human rights and the promotion of world peace, and his openness to all people led to him obtaining the name â€Å"Good Pope John†. The early life of Pope John XXIII shaped his morality and future ideas, and his travelling made him tolerant towards other people, cultures and beliefs. He believed that â€Å"No one is excluded by love† and pursued this belief throughout is papacy, even visiting prisons in order to forgive those who had sinned, considering them all his children. He had a strong personal spirituality that was central to his character and he promoted obedience and peace in all that he did, becoming a role model for many. The will of God was central to his belief and Pope John XXIII defined himself as a man of action, not an authority figure, allowing Christians to connect and relate to him personally. Pope John XXIII promoted the openness of the Catholic church, establishing the second Vatican Council which worked to modernise the liturgy and Catholic Church organisations. He changed the language of the mass from Latin to Vernacular, allowing adherents to develop a greater understanding and a more active role in their worship. The Council increased the role of the Laity and women in church, allowing them to participate in readings and also removed altar rails and made priests face the congregation, eliminating the physical barrier between the priest and the congregation. His hospitality to Communists was highly controversial amongst the Catholic church, and showed how he believed strongly in developing ties in order to discuss human rights and encourage peace. During his Papacy, Pope John XXIII published several encyclicals promoting world peace(Pacem in Terris) and increasing the consciousness of one’s dignity and rights of workers, women and newly independent nations (Mater et Magisterum). Pacem in Terris was addressed to the whole world and received warmly by Christians and non-Christians alike. It altered thinking about the Cold War and initiated the resurgence of Catholic social teaching. John Pope XXII’s main contribution to Christianity was for human kind rather than Catholics. He affirmed human rights as the basis of peace. He explicitly praised the Declaration of Human Rights which had been issued by the UN in 1948 and has helped to recapture the Christian sense of family. By initiating the Vatican II Council, John Pope XXIII contributed to sweeping changes and widespread reforms with the Catholic church which set in motion forces that were to affect Catholics, Christians and non-Christians alike. His emphasis on world peace and creating a dialogue between Christian variants and other religions impacted Christianity’s development and expression, and created unity. He was respected and loved by many and after his death Pope John XXIII was honoured by many Protestants organisations as Christian reformer. â€Å"To the entire world Pope John has given what neither diplomacy nor science could give: a sense of unity to the human family. † – Time Magazine, article on Pope John XXIII – Man of the Year.

Christianity and Slavery In Early American Literature Essay

In the 18th -19th centuries religion had a great influence on culture and literature. The American society created a unique culture influenced by its norms and traditions, historical and political development, Christianity and slavery. Dogmas and norms of the society were embodied in the religious tradition and transferred into literature. Religion and slavery did not independently becoming an integral part of culture. Thesis Early American Literature reflects cultural norms and tradition of the society and shows that blacks and whites were united by virtues and religious dogmas of Christianity. Early American Literature show that with the help of literature, people embodies their beliefs and hopes, ideas and ideals. Christianity and church was a strong force which dictated social norms and social order. For instance, the poetry by Phillis Wheatley vividly depicts the importance of morality and religion for both whites and blacks. In the poem â€Å"On Virtue† he writes: â€Å" Virtue, thro’ my youthful years! / O leave me not to the false joys of time! / But guide my steps to endless life and bliss† (Wheatley, 1996). In other poems he depicts characters as devoted parishioners who follow all values and commandments. Phillis Wheatley can be considered as â€Å"a moral poet† of his time unveiling social contradictions and moral values of slaves and their hopes. He describes the roles of God and goodness in life of slaves. In ISAIAH Wheatley describes: â€Å"For man the wrath of an immortal God: / â€Å"To execute th’ Eternal’s dread command / â€Å"My soul I sacrific’d with willing hand† (Wheatley, 1996). These examples show that religion and Christianity determines lives of slaves in spite of the fact that church and Christianity were used to defense and legitimatize the institution of slavery. Many characters in his poems wonder why anyone would understand a difference between slaves and masters, blacks and whites. Morality is depicted through religious ritual and values followed by slaves. It is not surprising that religious dogmas became the code of behavior for many women who needed strong arguments to prove their decisions. Also, the Christianity was used to maintain defense of domesticity and the role of women as mother and wives only. In â€Å"To his Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, on the Death of his Lady† Wheatley writes: â€Å"ALL-Conquering Death! by thy resistless pow’r, /Hope’s tow’ring plumage falls to rise no more! /Of scenes terrestrial how the glories fly, / Forget their splendors, and submit to die! † (Wheatley, 1996). This theme underlines the fact that all people are mortal. Even trying to challenge destiny, people cannot change ordered hierarchy of the world, and is punished with an eternal hell. In the speech, Frederick Douglass addresses a very important problem of racial inequality in America and its impact on the society. In his speech â€Å"the Fourth of July†, Frederick Douglass depicts social and political situation and ridicules low morals and false values existing in the society. As the most important he bases the main arguments on the principles of liberty, moral and religious norms. He appeals to emotions of listeners through the theme of God and morality. Douglass states: â€Å"this, for the purpose of this celebration, is the 4th of July. It is the birthday of your National Independence, and of your political freedom. This, to you, is what the Passover was to the emancipated people of God† (Douglass, 2002). Distinction between spiritual and temporal power creates a space for freedom, in which an individual can fight for freedom Works of two African-American writers and abolitionists show that slaves believed in God and followed Christian morality in their life. For slaves and free black men religion was a moral guard which shaped their behavior. Christianity played a crucial role in lives of all slaves. Both abolitionists depict that religion and church exercise power, keep their traditions and values. It is important to note that during 19th century religion had a great influence on social life and was often used as a theme and framework in literature (Fogel, 1989). Douglass gives some overview of the cultural situation of that time and people’s attitude towards the slavery. This speech is very important as it appeals to everyone both blacks and whites. In general, it is possible to say that in Douglass gives a vivid explanation of the slavery that relates with accuracy to the real events. He depicts that everyone must die eventually, and so the natural roots of democracy are therefore in mortality, whether due to natural causes or to the bloodshed of internecine warfare. Douglass blames church stating that it supports slave-owners and slavery. On the other hand, he states: â€Å"the venomous creature is nursing at the tender breast of your youthful republic; for the love of God, tear away, and fling from you the hideous monster, and let the weight of twenty millions crush and destroy it forever! † (Douglass, 2002). He separates Christianity and the American church underlining that â€Å"The American church is guilty, when viewed in connection with what it is doing to uphold slavery† (Douglass, 2002). In his speech, a spirit of mischievous and subversive anarchy runs through the entire work. This duality in views and ideals allowed slavery to continue. The short story of Edgar Poe â€Å"The Masque of The Red Death† vividly portrays the fear of death and fate. The protagonist of the story, the Prince Prospero fights with death trying to outwit it. Although, Poe depicts that it is a vein sacrifice that is painful and sorrowful causing terrible sufferings and emotional burden for the Prince. He looks around and sees the ordinariness of their existence. â€Å"The Red Death† or plagues is a symbol of death depicting that human beings cannot escape death. â€Å"The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men† (Poe, n. d. ). Previously, the Prince had been a man who was somehow placed above ordinary mortals, who, either through his depth of suffering or his nobility of nature felt and suffered more than readers could be expected to do in everyday life. The hero also suffers death at the end, his downfall being a result of a fatal flaw in his character, a trait which he cannot help as it is a part of his makeup, but which causes the tragedy and eventually his death. The themes of fate and death show that being a part of culture religion was reflected in literary works. Poe portrays that behavior of people was religiously determined and that the key to suc ¬cessful ideas was in the understanding of religious dogmas and values. In general, Poe’s concern is for degrees of personal freedom results when a man, struggling against death, is pushed further back, achieving little in his struggle for life, and having degrees of free ¬dom removed from him. Mortality is undergone in order to expand the human spirit, to delve into matters previously kept hidden, to grow through fear. The fear before unknown and punishment were the main causes allowing slavery to continue. â€Å"The Black Cat† belongs to a literature of horror portraying a world of an alcoholic suffered from uncontrollable rage and violence. In the intoxicated state the unnamed narrator cannot control his aggression and hangs his favorite black cat. In a period of time, he tries to kill another cat with an axe, but kills his wife who tries to protect the animal. In this story, Poe portrays two different worlds: reality and fantasy that resulted in terrible crimes. Also, Poe unveils the theme of human relations: people love each other and make friends, but if they deprive their friends they are finished. (Poe, Black Cat, 2005). â€Å"A Black Cat† is a symbol of death and fate, fear and Hell. Similar to this explanation, the existence of the institution of slavery, in which white men played the dominant role and wielded control, placed slaves at the mercy of God and destiny. Christian traditions and consciousness allowed slavery to continue for a long time. Christian-conscious world was used as a strong force that affected all aspects of life. Fear of death and punishment limited actions of slaves and forced them to subdue religious norms and traditions. In reality, Christian-conscious world was the only dominated institution which affected life of whites and blacks through culture and traditions. In literature, religion helped to develop and sustain morality by promoting moral reasoning and by exemplifying values and behaviors that were conducive to human dignity. In â€Å"Pudd’nhead Wilson† Mark Twain describes the role of fate and destiny in life of a slave. The events took place in the Dawson’s Landing. Through the characters of Tom and Roxy Mark Twain shows that the fate and fear of unknown are determined by social traditions and religious norms. He writes: â€Å"he was not committing any sin that God would remember against him in the Last Great Day† (Twain, 2001). Tom comes to know that every moment and every act share the same fate. The anticipation of his life dissolves the feeling of overriding importance. Mark Twain explains: â€Å"Consider the flea! –incomparably the bravest of all the creatures of God, if ignorance of fear were courage. Whether you are asleep or awake he will attack you .. you are to him as are the massed armies of the earth to a sucking child† (Twain, 2001). The literary woks under analysis show that church worked hard to distinguish religious values of slaves and masters and their respective on peoples. Christianity was the â€Å"law of life† for defenders. The distance between these groups and a largely secular but still vaguely society is such that the preservation of the former from the evils of the latter has been achieved by the erection of considerable social barriers. Religious piety and submission were beliefs that were more marginal components of the ideology depicted by the early American writers. But, truly said it was not an ideology we understand it but obsession. The religious mores and Christian dogmas were such that traditional practice isolates slaves from the wider society. Christianity can be seen as one of the main causes of slavery and oppression. Works Cited Page 1. Douglass, F. The Fourth of July. 2002. Available at: http://douglassarchives. org/doug_a10. htm 2. Fogel, R. W. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. W. W. Norton, 1989. 3. Poe. E. The Masque of the Red Death. n. d. Available at: http://bau2. uibk. ac. at/sg/poe/works/reddeath. html 4. Poe, E. The Black Cat. 2005. Available at: http://www. online-literature. com/poe/24/ 5. Twain, M. Pudd’nhead Wilson. 2001. Available at: http://emotionalliteracyeducation. com/classic_books_online/puddn10. htm 6. Wheatley, Ph. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. 1996. Available at: http://www. gutenberg. org/dirs/etext96/whtly10. txt

Feedback Loops to Enhance Software Capability Essay

Feedback loops are a part of the systems we examine in systems thinking. Our first text book Thinking in Systems tells us we can see the existence of a feedback loop when â€Å"the consistent behavior pattern over a long period of time† is observed. My own interpretation is that feedback loops provide information in real time (or something close to real time) to provide the opportunity to make adjustments, pushing toward improvement. Even more simply stated action= information=reaction. Systems thinking is a methodology for us to analyze and predict behavior by developing an in-depth understanding of the underlying components in the system. The majority of real world problems are complex, and due to this complexity the systems models for these problems will be complex as well. It will be impossible to formulate solutions to complex issues without understanding the feedback loops that influence the systems we are studying. For example, the Internet is an information system with feedback loops. I began to notice feedback loops at work on the internet this week while I was on my Facebook page. Earlier in the day I had been looking at Hotel options in Las Vegas as I will be travelling to Nevada for a trade show in April. One of the hotels I looked at via their website was the Golden Nugget on Fremont Street. A few minutes later when I visited my Facebook page, one of the ads on the side of my page was for the Golden Nugget hotel in Las Vegas. Obviously there is some correlation between the ads on your Facebook page and websites you have visited, I just had never noticed it before. This has to be based on a feedback loop where Facebook is receiving information as to your browsing habits and then customizing advertising based on these habits. If we take this a step further this could also be used as a predictive tool as well. If you think you might like the Golden Nugget, you’ll really love the Mirage. That sort of suggestive selling could be a major revenue generator for Facebook assuming they receive a fee when a consumer purchases based upon their ads. I’d have to say this is a reinforcing feedback loop. The more Facebook knows about you the more it can customize your ads and this will continue to build upon itself with ni limitation other than your own habits. Feedback loops are also being used to enhance software capability. Patikirikorala stated â€Å"The feedback control loop has been one of the key concepts used in building self-adaptive software systems to manage their performance among other quality aspects† (2678). All of us who use and depend on software on a daily basis know that it is unpredictable. It can also at times be unstable, sometimes due to user error and other times due to real product deficiencies. The concept with using feedback loops is to help the software be able to fine tune itself in order to help create better performance and also reduce on going administrative costs. It appears one of the major stumbling blocks with this approach at the moment is that software systems are complex and their problems are not easily reproduced through modeling and systems thinking. Patikirikorala explores this issue when he says â€Å"For instance, an e-commerce system may face sudden intensive workloads when promotional offers are run or when referenced by a high-traffic site (the so-called ‘slash-dot’ effect). The workloads may also vary dramatically depending on the time of day (e.g., stock market applications) or the time of year (e.g., tax office sites). Third, if the application evolves due to new feature additions, bug fixes or system configuration changes, the constructed model has to be changed as well for accurate representation. The resultant behavior of the software application therefore depends on a combination of the operating states or conditions of the underlying software layers, the current environmental workloads, and the current configuration of the application architecture. Depending on what combination of the above factors occurs, the behavior of the software application can be characterized by a number of distinct operating regions. However, the complexity of interactions between these factors means that creating a single model of the system is very difficult if not virtually impossible.† (2679). One may only need to examine the stated issues above however to see the potential benefits by software that can self-regulate through a feedback loop. For instance, what if the system software used for on-line trading of stocks could execute a scenario during peak hours to allow the maximum number of users higher throughput, in order to execute their trades quickly and accurately without a slowdown in performance? This must have been the effect Windows was looking for when it enabled the real time reporting of bugs and crashes into its operating systems. The next logical evolution will be when the software itself tracks these issues and makes the adjustments without user intervention or reporting. This methodology need not be limited to software either, the race appears to be on from network hardware providers such as Cisco and Enterasys to provide network infrastructure that is self-healing, self-configuring, and self-adapting. Networks that can distinguish between different types of threats, discriminate between devices attempting to connect and self-install patches or security measures are the next generation of hardware. This is also all accomplished through the use of feedback loops. One thing is certain, without the feedback loop, and our ability to understand them. Our ability to formulate solutions via the use of Systems Thinking is severely limted. References: Patikirikorala, T., Colman, A., Han, J., & Wang, L. (2012). An evaluation of multi-model self-managing control schemes for adaptive performance management of software systems. Journal Of Systems & Software, 85(12), 2678-2696. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.05.077 Boehmer, W. (2012). Toward a target and coupling function of three different Information Security Management Systems. Concurrency & Computation: Practice & Experience, 24(15), 1708-1725. doi:10.1002/cpe.1873 Meadows, Donella H., (2008), Thinking in Systems. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Social policy - Essay Example The activities of discrimination by the social workers towards the travellers fall under the category of institutional discrimination. In order to prevent the undesired activities of discrimination that has led to the increase of harassment and distress in the course of livelihood of the travellers, the social policy on the adoption of anti-discriminatory practices have been formulated. The social policy has influenced changes in the approach of the social workers that have prompted them to undertake activities that advocated the rights of the travellers to attain equal access to public resources. The National Association of Social Workers is the largest body of association of professional worker that was founded in the year of 1955. The international organization for social work consists of around 130000 workers belonging to various communities of United States and other parts of the world. The social workers have the mission of promoting the best practices in the field of social work by engaging deeply with the individuals and their families living in the communities and understanding their needs and areas of deprivation (Acton, 2007, p.62). The purpose of the social workers is directed at protecting the best interest of the communities and its individual members and families through dedicated activities and advocating the cause of protection of the community members in the areas in which they lack. The activities of the social workers are guided by their objectives of continuously working to improve the living conditions of the members and the families in the society (Adam son and Donovan, 2005, p.38). This has been achieved through the application of professional knowledge and skills necessary for offering better social services to the communities. The National Association of Social Workers also desires to increase the professional knowledge and skills through the process of field

Embracing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Embracing Diversity - Essay Example In order to teach the future generations successfully, the education structure should be thriving in educating all children to interact and communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and with diverse abilities. Early childhood teachers all over the United States should be prepared to educate an increasingly diverse populace of young students. More children from migrant families are taking part in early childhood programs than in the past, and the trend is anticipated to carry on into the next decade. The 2000 population census shows that in only one decade, the number of young students in immigrant households increased by 63%, and not only in large cities, but also in numerous areas of the country. The African American populace both immigrant and nonimmigrant grew at a rate above that of the general populace between 1990 and the new millennium. The Latino population likewise the immigrants and nonimmigrants grew by more than 50% of its original during those same years. The Lati no population is at the moment the single largest cluster contributing to the country’s diversity (Terry & Iriving, 2009). This article concerns the education of children from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds who might or might not have disabilities, which need special education services. For culturally, as well as linguistically diverse students (CLD), issues of difference, diversity, and disability can rather be challenging and complex for classroom teachers (Gonzalez, 2011). This paper, with an aim of easing these challenges, will formulate some methods and strategies of achieving the paper’s objective and discuss how the strategies will be assessed. Researchers have referred to the manner culture plays itself out in a classroom set up as a hidden curriculum. The traditional norms which govern classroom communication are mainly rooted in European or American middle-class principles. Regularly there is an inherent anticipation that every student will use t hese customs, even though they are not openly trained in the classroom. Teachers must know that CLD learners also have cultural values and norms, which they also carry into the classroom and might conflict with the educator’s hopes (Gonzalez, 2011). Educators are in the best position to learn about the norms, values and culture of their CLD learners. By having a concern in who the students are, the place they come from, as well as what their worldview is, educators can demonstrate to them that they essentially care about who they are and not only who they can become. Attitudes associated with privilege, status and power can make it tough for some teachers to value diversity among their learners (Ray & Bowman, 2003). For example, students who might be members of a marginalized racial group, economically deprived, or speak English as a secondary language are frequently labeled as vulnerable, poor, disadvantaged or unfortunate. Rather than centering on what learners cannot do, e ducators are encouraged to recognize more regarding their learners’ abilities and strengths (Ray & Bowman, 2003). Nevertheless, centering on what students know needs learning more concerning their traditions and the knowledge, which they take into the classroom. Teachers can then utilize their students’ interests, experiences and background to grow ethnically relevant pedagogy (Terry & Iriving, 2009). Culturally